A STUDY OF CHLOROPHYLLIN OF MEDICINAL PLANTS, ITS CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTI–PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOLANUM TRILOBATUM L. ON LIVER CELL LINE

Objective: Plants are the richest source of bioactive compounds and they have been used as medicine also. Chlorophyllin (CHL) is water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll (chl) in which magnesium has been replaced with copper and the phytol chains lost. Chlorophyllin has been used by human population for over 50 y for medicinal purposes with no adverse effects. Chlorophyllin is a promising chemo preventive agent to block cancer primarily by inhibiting carcinogen such as AFB1. The objective was to extract the bioactive pigment chlorophyllin from medicinal plants and to study its anticarcinogenic property on liver cell lines.Methods: In the present study the bioactive pigment, chlorophyllin was extracted and estimated from six medicinal plant leaves and characterized by IR and NMR. Further, based on the high chlorophyllin content (12.21µg/ml), Solanum trilobatum L. was selected for the study of anticarcinogenic property against two types of cell lines: HepG2 cell lines (Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma) and Vero cell lines (African Green Monkey kidney).Results: It was found that the inhibitory effect of chlorophyllin was found on cancer cell lines (IC50 value at 48H was 62.5μg/ml) and absent on Vero cell lines. Standard chlorophyllin was used as control for all the studies.Conclusion: This is the first report on the effect of natural chlorophyllin from the leaves of Solanum trilobatum L. on HepG2 cell lines. The in vitro data suggests that the consumption of the leaves of Solanum trilobatum L. or as chlorophyllin may impart anticancer effects.Â

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NATURAL CHLOROPHYLLIN FROM ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT MIMOSA PUDICA L.

Objective: Chlorophyllin (CHL) belongs to a group of compounds, porphyrins that contain a chelated metal ion in the center of the molecule. The objective of this present study was to extract the Chlorophyllin from Mimosa pudica and to study its antimicrobial activity.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin from the leaf extract of Mimosa pudica L., was determined in vitro, using well diffusion method against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, viz., two Gram-negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneomoniae, and one fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.Results: Chlorophyllin from the leaf extract of Mimosa pudica recorded potential antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganism with the range of 9 mm-18 mm at 25-100 μg ml-1.Conclusion: Natural Chlorophyllin from Mimosa pudica has significant activity against the five pathogenic test microorganisms.Keywords: Medicinal plants, Chlorophyllin, Mimosa pudica, Pathogenic bacteria, Pathogenic fung

SCREENING OF ANTIBIOFILM AND ANTI-QUORUM SENSING POTENTIAL OF VITEX TRIFOLIA IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Objective: In this present study the methanolic leaf extract of Vitex trifolia was assessed for its anti quorum sensing activity against acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Methods: In this study the methanolic leaf extract of Vitex trifolia was screened to control the virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by antibacterial analysis, biofilm prevention assay, protease and elastase assay, pyocyanin production, EPS (Exopolysaccaride) assay, Swimming assay and Light microscopic analysis.Results: The methanolic leaf extract obtained from Vitex trifolia exhibited a concentration dependent (50-100 μg/ml) reduction in anti quorum sensing activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract inhibited 69% of protease activity, 48% of elastase activity and 96% of exopolysaccharide production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pigment pyocyanin production and swimming motility of the bacteria were also controlled.Conclusion: Thus in this study the methanolic leaf extract of Vitex trifolia was found to be potent against anti quorum sensing activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Â

Nutrients, Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Properties of Multi-Whole Grain Mix for Drink and Porridge

Whole grains are reported to be rich in nutrients, nutraceuticals and have number of health beneficial effects. A convenient multi-whole grain mix for the preparation of a drink or porridge was formulated by using cereals, millets, pulses and nuts. Particle size was mostly of 180-250 microns (52%). Amylograph characteristics like GT, PV, HPV, CPV were 82°C, 285BU, 310BU, and 605BU, respectively were ideal for drink. The mix was found to be rich in carbohydrate, protein, fibre and calorie. The 100g of the mix had nutraceuticals like carotenoids (290µg), γ-tocopherol (4.6mg), α-tocopherol (1.5mg), and polyphenols-soluble, bound and total (94,132 and 226mg GA Eq.). Bioactive properties like vitamin E activity, free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity and starch digestibility were 2.6i.u., 153mg catechin.Eq./100g, 17mg Tocopherol equivalent and 61.8%. Mix was sensorily acceptable in the form of drink and porridge and can be used as an ideal nutritious food for all age group

Testing compliance of drug taking-A simple bed side method

Assessment of compliance in drug taking is a problem in a crowded Outpatient Department. Using riboflavin as a urinary marker is a simple and rational method. Identifying riboflavin in the urine by fluorescence on exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays or torch light is being used in medical practice but not extensively. In this study, the validity and reliability of these methods were assessed. The sensitivity and specificity of this test by UV method was 86% and 82% for Reader I (medical person) and 82% and 94% for Reader II (paramedical person). For Reader 1, the accuracy of reading by UV lamp was the same as torch light (85%) whereas for Reader II the accuracy was better with UV lamp (87%) than with torch (79%). In reading the fluorescence by UV lamp the crude agreement between the 2 readers was 82% and chance corrected agreement was 64%. UV lamp method appears to be a reliable way of assessing compliance both by medical and paramedical persons whereas torch method appears to be more reliable when used by a medical person than by a paramedical person

Study of polyembryony and development of molecular markers for identification of zygotic and nucellar seedlings in Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of polyembryonic seedlings and other morphological parameters in Khasi mandarin during three harvest years and to identify zygotic (sexual) seedlings from nucellar (asexual) ones grown under in-vitro conditions using molecular markers. Embryos from 27 polyembryonic and 7 monoembryonic seeds of Khasi mandarin were grown in-vitro. DNA from seedlings and mother parent was analyzed using 16 ISSR and 5 RAPD primers, of which 4 ISSR and a set of 3 RAPD primers were effective to identify zygotic or nucellar origin of the seedlings. In-vitro culture enables maximum embryos of each seed to grow, favouring the origin of seedlings to be identified as zygotic. Among 69 tested individuals, 37 zygotic and 32 nucellar seedlings were recognized. In polyembryonic and monoembryonic seeds, 59.6% and 42.8% of the seedlings, respectively, have the sexual origin. Morphological characteristics of seeds and the seedlings generated varied significantly and were not correlated with polyembryony except for the clutch size and the number of branches. Polyembryonic seeds in the cultivar are high, ranging from 50.0%, 55.5% to 83.3% over three harvest years with more clutch size and the possibility of obtaining zygotic plants from them is high. In polyembryonic seeds not all zygotic seedlings were produced by small embryos located at the micropyle. Identification of zygotic seedlings by ISSR and RAPD markers in Khasi mandarin cultivar is efficient and reliable at an early developmental stage

Drotaverine Hydrochloride Verses Hyoscine Butyl Bromide in Augmentation of Labour among Nulliparous Women

BACKGROUND : Almost 50% of labour are felt to be affected by dystocia in the first or second stages of labour and this particularly affects the first labour. Prolonged labour is an important risk factor for both maternal morbidity and perinatal compromise. Minimizing the duration of labour without compromising fetomaternal wellbeing is a desirable outcome in all delivery units. Antispasmodic drugs have been used to accelerate cervical dilatation and thus reduce the labour duration. OBJECTIVES : Our aim was to compare the safety and efficacy of intravenous Drotaverine hydrochloride against intravenous hyoscine butyl bromide in augmentation of labour among nulliparous women. METHODS : This study was conducted in teaching hospital attached to Stanley medical college, Chennai.600 low risk nulliparous women who fulfilled selection criteria with full-term pregnancy with vertex presentation in active phase of labour (i.e., with 3- 4 cm cervical dilatation) were selected and were randomly assigned into 3 groups with 200 women in each namely; Group A or Control group - Progress of labour was monitored using a partogram. Group B or Drotaverine group - Single dose of Inj. Drotaverine 40 mg was given intravenously and the progress of labour was monitored using a partogram. Group C or Hyoscine group - Single dose of Inj. Hyoscine 20 mg was given intravenously and the progress of labour was monitored using a partogram. Main Outcome Measures : Primary outcome which includes the duration of I, II, III Stage of labour, cervical dilation rate and secondary outcome which includes the mode of delivery, maternal drug side effects, third stage complications and neonatal outcome (APGAR at 1 minute and 5 minutes, NICU admission) were studied. RESULTS : In this study the duration of active phase of labour was 213.51 minutes in control group while in drotaverine and hyoscine groups were 162.58 minutes and 148.57 minutes respectively. In this study the cervical dilatation rate was 1.7 cm/hr in control group while in drotaverine and hyoscine groups was 2.2 cm/hr and 2.5 cm/hr respectively. There was statistically significant reduction in the duration of active phase of labour. CONCLUSION : Both Drotaverine hydrochloride and Hyoscine Butyl bromide is effective in shortening the duration of first stage of labour by virtue of faster cervical dilatation there by helping in augmentation of labour among the nulliparous women. Hyoscine butyl bromide is a superior cervical dilatation agent as compared to Drotaverine hydrochloride. Both the drugs had no significant maternal or fetal adverse effects

Android application development for identifying maize infested with fall armyworms with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Integrated proposed pest management (TNAU IPM) capsules

Several pests and diseases wreak havoc on maize crops worldwide. Novel and rapid methods for detecting pests and diseases in real-time will make monitoring them and designing effective management measures easier. In the recent past, maize has been imperilled by fall armyworms (Spodoptera frugiperda), which have caused substantial yield losses in maize. This study aimed to create an Android mobile application via  DCNN (Deep Convolutional Neural Network)-based AI pest detection system for maize producers. Everyone benefits from the deployment of these CNN models on mobile phones, especially farmers and agricultural extension professionals because it makes them more accessible. Automatic diagnosis of plant pest infestations from captured images through computer vision and artificial intelligence research is feasible for technological advancements. Therefore, early detection of maize fall armyworm (FAW) infestation and providing relevant recommendations in maize could result in intensified maize crop yields. . An Android mobile application was created to identify fall armyworm infection in maize and included the recommendations given by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University proposed Integrated Pest Management (TNAU IPM ) capsules in the mobile app on as to how to deal with such a problem. Digital and novel technology was chosen to address these issues in maize. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and transfer learning have recently moved into the realm of just-in-time crop pest infestation detection, following their successful use in a variety of fields. The algorithm accurately detects FAW (S. frugiperda) infected areas on maize with 98.47% training accuracy and 93.47% validation accuracy